KEY TO ANNOTATIONS
Observers: CY = Callyn Yorke; JMN = Jeanne Martin Naciemento; MF = Mario Friedlander; NM = Noam.
Locations: See map legend.
Bird Behavior: greg. = gregarious; MSF = mixed species flock; agl = estimated height above ground level (m); voc. = vocalizations, i.e. calls and/or song; HO = heard only.
Numerical abundance and distribution: Highest number of individuals found at first listed location, when a species was observed at multiple locations. Actual counts when less than 20 individuals; estimates when more than 20, e.g. counted in tens; ubiq. = ubiquitous in appropriate habitat(s).
SYSTEMATICS and TAXONOMY is an amalgam of the most recent (2025) online lists by AVIBASE, International Ornithological Congress (IOC) and American Ornithologists Society (AOS).
BIRDS
RHEIFORMES: Rheidae
- Greater Rhea Rhea americana 80 m,f; greg., large, cohesive and loose flocks in fallow fields; running on road and diving under the wire fences, MGF
TINAMIFORMES: Tinamidae
- Little Tinamou Crypturellus soul 1 apparently responding to playback recordings; quickly appearing at the forest edge then retreating, JA
- Undulated Tinamou Crypturellus undulatus 1 vocal (unseen) JA.
- Tataupa Tinamou Crypturellus tataupa 2 active on the ground in the yard; keeping close to cover at the edges, JA.
- Red-winged Tinamou Rhynchotus rufescens 2 shy and retiring; creeping into an open section of a sparsely vegetated soybean field; crossing a dirt road quickly, MGF.
- Spotted Nothura Nothura maculosa 2 in the same area and behaving similar to RWTI; in view briefly, MGF.
ANSERIFORMES: Anatidae
- White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata 2 greg. a pair at edge of small, partially concealed farm pond, MGF
- Brazilian Teal Amazonetta brasiliensis 5 greg. in same pond with WFWD, MGF
GALLIFORMES: Cracidae
- Rusty-margined Guan Penelope superciliaris 3 in trees at edge of forest, JA
- Chestnut-bellied Guan Penelope ochrogaster 3 greg. running across clearing and easement roadway in late afternoon, JA.
COLUMBIFORMES: Columbidae
- Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas picazuro 25 greg. individuals and small flocks; in tall trees and flying fast over open areas, ubiq..
- Pale-vented Pigeon Patagioenas cayennensis 1 vocal (unseen) easement road, JA.
- Plain-breasted Ground Dove Columbina minuta 6 greg. on ground at edge of roadway, MGF
- Ruddy Ground Dove Columbina talpacoti 6 individuals and pairs on roadways and clearings, ubiq.
- Scaled Dove Columbina squammata 10 greg. loose flocks in ruderal patches at edge of roadway, MGF.
- Blue Ground Dove Claravis pretiosa 3 greg. on ground at edge of roadway, MGF.
- White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi 2 one bird repeatedly seen in a quiet section of the yard on the ground and on the back porch, JA.
CUCULIFORMES: Cuculidae
- Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani 18 greg. cohesive flocks perched in shrubs, open areas, wetlands and fallow fields, ubiq..
- Guira Cuckoo Guira guira 12 greg. perched together on an exposed snag, MGF; VB (photo).
- Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana 1 in canopy of a large, vine covered tree at edge of roadside woodland, MGF; JA
CAPRIMULGIFORMES: Caprimulgidae
- Common Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis 5 individuals, 50 -100m apart, flushed from easement driveway, JA (photo).
CAPRIMULGIFORMES: Apodidae
- Sick’s Swift Chaetura meridionalis 1 circling at about 60m agl, JA, VB
CAPRIMULGIFORMES: Trochilidae
- Horned Sungem Heliactin bilophus 1 (m) active low in understory shrubs; responsive to playback recordings, MGF (photo)
- Glittering-bellied Emerald Chlorostilbon lucidus 2 individuals on exposed shrub perches, CER; MGF.
- Swallow-tailed Hummingbird Eupetomena macroura 2 individuals on exposed limbs of trees and tall shrubs, CER
- Fork-tailed Woodnymph Thalurania furcata 1 (m) low to mid-level woodland edge and garden, JA.
GRUIFORMES: Rallidae
- Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail Aramides saracura 1 on road, VB
- Russet-crowned Crake Rufirallus viridis 1 (HO) pond with tall grass and shrubs, VB
PELECANIFORMES: Threskiornithidae
- Buff-necked Ibis Theristicus caudatus 11 greg. a small flock with pairs oraging in soybean field, MGF (photo).
PELECANIFORMES: Ardeidae
- Whistling Heron Syrigma sibilatrix 3 greg. in grassy drainage ditch, MGF
CHARADRIIFORMES: Charadriidae
- Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis 50 greg., vocal pairs and loose flocks in farm fields and wetlands, ubiq. (photo).
ACCIPITRIFORMES: Cathartidae
- Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 5-10 individuals and pairs soaring over open and forested areas; ubiq.
- Black Vulture Coragyps atratus 25 loosely greg. flocks circling widely over open and forested areas, 30-100m agl. ubiq..
ACCIPITRIFORMES: Accipitridae
- Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus 20 greg. small, scattered flocks of 3-5 individuals in migratory flight over a wide area of forest and open fields; one especially large flock of about 20 birds roosting in an isolated tree, MGF; JA.
- Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus melanoleucus 1 ad. perched for at least 20 minutes in tree near canyon rim, BF.
- Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus 1 (MF) vocal in flight over canopy, JA.
- Long-winged Harrier Circus buffoni 2 individuals flying low (10m agl) over open areas, MGF (photo.
- Roadside Hawk Rupornis magnirostris 1 imm. in roadside tree, MGF (photo).
STRIGIFORMES: Strigidae
- Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia 14 ad., imm; greg. individuals, pairs and family flocks in roadside ruderal patches, on fence posts and on mounds in fallow fields, MGF; VB (photo).
TROGONIFORMES: Trogonidae
- Blue-crowned Trogon Trogon curucui 2 (m,f) vocal in subcanopy and on easement utility line at forest edge, JA (photo).
CORACIIFORMES: Motmotidae
- Amazonian Motmot Momotus momota 4 voc. taking mealworms at feeding station, JA (photo).
GALBULIFORMES: Bucconidae
- White-eared Puffbird Nystalus chacuru 1 on exposed, roadside perch, MGF (photo).
- Black-fronted Nunbird Monasa nigrifrons 2 a pair; one bird continuously vocal in subcanopy at forest edge, JA (photo).
GALBULIFORMES: Galbulidae
- Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda 2 subcanopy, edge of forest and yard, JA
PICIFORMES: Picidae
- White-wedged Piculet Picumnus albosquamatus 1 (m) in subcanopy, attracted to playback recordings, JA
- Crimson-crested Woodpecker Campephilus melanoleucos 1 in low flight between trees in a fallow field, MGF
- Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus 1 on large limbs in upper level of tall macaranga tree, VB (photo).
- Blond-crested Woodpecker Celeus flavescens 2 (m,f) a pair, active and responsive to playback recordings in the forest subcanopy over the observation deck; subsequently, visitng the banana feeding station near the kitchen window, JA (photo).
- Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris 2 greg., a pair perched near the ground in a fallow field, MGF.
PICIFORMES: Ramphastidae
- Lettered Aracari Pteroglossus inscriptus 2 in canopy of a tall tree at the forest edge, at dusk, JA (photo).
- Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus 2 a pair foraging on Aacai palm fruits, JA.
CARIAMIFORMES: Cariamidae
- Red-legged Seriema Cariama cristata 20 greg. a scattered flock on the ground in fallow field-pasture next to ranch homestead, MGF
FALCONIFORMES: Falconidae
- Southern (Crested) Caracara Caracara plancus 6 greg. often in pairs on bare ground and in farm fields, MGF.
- Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima 2 greg. a pair in low flight, MGF.
- American Kestrel Falco sparverius 2 individuals in low flight then alighting on the ground in a ruderal field, MGF.
- Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis 2 in flight; one perched on fence post near a farm pond, MGF (photo)..
- Bat Falcon Falco rufigularis 1 perched in the crown of a distant, leafless tree at edge of an open, roadside field; seen in transit to VB.
PSITTACIFORMES: Psittacidae
- Yellow-chevroned Parakeet Brotogeris chiriri 5 greg. vocal, in flight and in trees at edges of clearings, ubiq..
- Cobalt-rumped Parrotlet Forpus xanthopterygius 2 greg flying between trees at edge of wetlamd, VB
- Peach-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula aurea 10 greg. vocal, flocks foraging on flowering and fruiting trees, ubiq. (photo).
- Red-bellied Macaw Orthopsittaca manilatus; 1 an individual perched in a tall shrub, CER.
- Blue-winged Macaw Primolius maracana 3 individuals and pairs perched in isolated trees at edge of woodland and canyon, CER, BF
- Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna 3 vocal; a pair perched in an isolated, leafless tree in a fallow field, MGF.
- Red-and-green Macaw Ara chloropterus 4 – 6 greg. usually in pairs or trios; vocal immediately prior to taking fligh; in flight; intermittently when foraging in the canopy of fruiting trees; generally wary but with patience, approachable from a distance of about 10m.
- Red-shouldered Macaw Diopsittaca nobilis 1 (JMN) MGF
- White-eyed Parakeet Psittacara leucophthalmus 15 greg.,vocal, at least three separate flocks flying between wooded areas, MGF.
PASSERIFORMES: Tityridae
- Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata 2 (m,f) over a period of several days, a pair alternating visits with a large food item (most often a lepidopteran larvae); remaining several minutes inside the nest box; young not visible, JA (photo).
- Crested Becard Pachyramphus validus 2 (m,f) JA
PASSERIFORMES: Tyrannidae
- Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet Camptostoma obsoletum 1 perched in a tall shrub, CER
- Mouse-colored Tyrannulet Nesotriccus murinus 1 in subcanopy at edge of forest, JA.
- Suiriri Flycatcher Suiriri suiriri 3 individuals perched in tall shrubs, CER; MGF (photo).
- Yellow-bellied Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster 1 CER; MGF
- Plain-crested Elaenia Elaenia cristata 1 CER; MGF.
- Lesser Elaenia Elaenia chiriquensis 1 in tree at edge of field, MGF
- Forest Elaenia Myiopagis gaimardii 1 in subcanopy at forest edge, JA
- Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus 3 vocal, in trees at edges of clearings, ubiq..
- Lesser Kiskadee Philohydor lictor 1 mid-level in tree at edge of marsh, VB
- Boat-billed Flycatcher Megarynchus pitangua 1 in tree at edge of marsh and ruderal field, MGF
- Rusty-margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayenensis lower-mid level of tree at edge of marsh, VB; MGF.
- Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius 1 in tall tree at edge of wetland, VB
- Cattle Tyrant Machetornis rixosa 2 on roadside utility wire, VB
- Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus 4 individuals and pairs on exposed perches in clearings, ubiq..
- Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana 2 greg. a pair on roadside fence next to a pasture and ranch homestead, MGF (photo).
PASSERIFORMES: Thamnophilidae
- Barred Antshrike Thamnophilus doliatus (m,f) greg. a pair active in tall shrubs at edge of clearing, MGF (photo).
- Planalto Slaty-Antshrike Thamnophilus pelzelni 2 (m,f) m displaying, voc. responding to playback recording, JA
- Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis 1 (f) active in lower to mid-level of forest edge, JA.
PASSERIFORMES: Dendrocolaptidae
- Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus 1 active at mid-level in forest edge, JA.
- Narrow-billed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes angustirostris 1 active in tall shrubs and small trees, CER.
PASSERIFORMES: Furnariidae
- Rufous Hornero Furnarius rufus 3 indviduals and pairs on ground at edge of roadway, MGF
- Foliage-gleaner sp. ? (possibly Dendroma rufa) 2 in understory, forest edge, JA
PASSERIFORMES: Vireonidae
- Rufous-browed Peppershrike Cyclarhis gujanensis 1 active in tall shrubs and responsive to playback recordings, CER
PASSERIFORMES: Passerellidae
- Grassland Sparrow Ammodramus humeralis 1 in fallow field, MGF.
- Yellow-browed Sparrow Ammodramus aurifrons 4 greg. individuals and pairs in dense shrubs at edge of ruderal patch-fallow field, MGF (photo).
- Pectoral Sparrow Arremon taciturnus 2 a pair on ground then staying low and partly concealed in roadside shrubs, JA
- Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis 2 roadside ruderal patch, MGF; JA
PASSERIFORMES: Parulidae
- Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus 1 active in canopy at forest edge, JA.
PASSERIFORMES: Icteridae
- White-browed Meadowlark Leistes superciliaris 18 greg. loose flocks in ruderal patches of fallow fields, MGF.
- Chopi Blackbird Gnorimopsar chopi 6 greg. pairs and small flocks in shrubs at edge of wetland-fallow field, MGF (photo).
PASSERIFORMES: Thraupidae
- Black-faced Tanager Schistochlamys melanopis 4 pairs in flight and on ground, CER
- White-banded Tanager Neothraupis fasciata 4 individuals and pairs in tall shrubs, CER; MGF.
- White-rumped Tanager Cypsnagra hirundinaceae 2 a pair on an exposed shrub perch, CER; MGF.
- Palm Tanager Tangara palmarum 1 often in msf with other tanagers and insectivorous birds in tall trees at edge of woodlands, gardens, fallow fields ubiq.
- Burnished-buff Tanager Tangara cayana 2 in tall shrubs, CER
- Blue-necked Tanager Stilpnia cyanicollis 2 in tall shrubs and trees at edge of marsh, MGF.
- Yellow-backed Tanager Hemithraupis flavicolis 1 (JMN) MGF.
- Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola 30 (m,f; ad, imm.) on ground in clearings, ruderal patches and in adjacent trees when flushed, ubiq.
- Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch Emberizoides herbicola 1 in tree, MGF (photo).
- Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina 30 greg. individuals and pairs, staying low in ruderal, roadside patches; on fences, MGF; CER
- Black-goggled Tanager Trichothraupis melanops 2 tall shrubs and trees at edge of woodland and patches of shrubs, CER; MGF.
- Pileated Finch Coryphospingus pileatus 2 greg. CER
- Red-crested Finch Coryphospingus cucullatus 12 (m,f) loosely greg. in shrubs and trees at edge of ruderal patches and fallow field-pasture, MGF.
- Blue Dacnis Dacnis cayana 1 in canopy at forest edge, JA
- Black-throated Saltator Saltatricula atricollis 10 greg., one wrangling a large lepidopteran larva on a fence rail – CER; MGF (photo).
- Buff-throated Saltator Saltator maximus 1 active in fruiting tree in Noam’s garden, easement road to JA.
- Bluish-gray Saltator Saltator caerulescens 2 a pair active in tall shrubs at edge of wetland, VB; CER (photo).
- Black-throated Grosbeak Saltator fuliginosus 1 MGF
- Plumbeous Seedeater Sporophila plumbea 10 greg. in fallow fields and adjacent shrubs, MGF.
- Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch Sprophila angolensis 2 (m,f) in a fallow field with nearby shrubs for cover, MGF (photo).
- Double-collared Seedeater Sporophila caerulescens 3 roadside ruderal patches and shrubs, CER; MGF.
- Wedge-tailed Grassfinch Emberizoides herbicola 1 in tree at edge of fallow field, MGF.
PASSERIFORMES: Corvidae
- Curl-crested Jay Cyanocorax cristatellus 16 greg. wary though fairly habituated to human presence in and beneath fruiting trees at edge of field of cave visitor center, MGF
PASSERIFORMES: Hirundinidae
- Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera 5 perched on utility lines and flying around over wetland, VB
- Gray-breasted Martin Progne chalybea 5 greg. on exposed cell tower perch at park headquarters, BF
- Southern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis 1 on roadside fence, MGF
- Blue and White Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca 2 flying low, back and forth over wetland, VB
PASSERIFORMES: Troglodytidae
- Southern House Wren Troglodytes musculus 1 vocal at edge of forest and easement road, JA; CER.
- Thrush-like Wren Campylorhynchus turdinus 2 vocal, greg. a resident nesting pair, active in garden and adjacent tall trees, JA.
PASSERIFORMES: Mimidae
- Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus 5 ad., imm. one bird, showing identical behavior of Mimus polyglottos in North America, was raising and lowering its wings as it foraged for insects in a Cerrado dirt roadway, ubiq.. (photo).
PASSERIFORMES: Turdidae
- Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas 2 frequently seen on ground in garden and on driveway, JA (photo).
- Rufous-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris 1 imm. molting; active on ground in garden, JA.
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